Organization and Architecture

 

Computer Organization and Architecture – A computer is an electronic calculating machine that quickly receives digital input information and processes that information according to a set of instructions stored in the computer and produces the output of the information generated after processing. The list of commands is called a computer program and the storage unit is computer memory.

Understanding Computer Architecture and Organization

Computer Architecture

Computer architecture is the concept of planning and basic operating structures and a computer system. This branch of science usually studies the components of a computer system connected with the logical commands of a program.

In this case, the implementation of the planning and each of the sections will be focused on how the CPU will work, and get to know how to access data and addresses and cache memory, RAM, ROMs, and CDs.

Computer architecture can also be defined and categorized as a science and art of how to connect hardware components to create a computer that meets its functional needs, performance, and cost targets.

Computer architecture studies the components of a computer system related to programming, and has a direct impact on the logical commands of a program. For example instruction sets, arithmetic used, addressing techniques, and input/output (I/O) mechanisms. Computer architecture contains at least 3 subcategories as follows:

• Instruction set (ISA)
• Microarchitecture of the ISA, and
• The design system of all the components in this computer hardware.

Computer Organization

Computer organization is a part that is connected to the components of implementation and interconnection between the components that make up a computer system in carrying out its architectural aspects. This branch of science usually studies the parts related to computer implementation units and the relationships between the components of computer systems.

Examples of organizational aspects are hardware technology, interface devices, memory technology, and control signals. Meanwhile, computer architecture is more inclined to the study of computer system components related to a programmer. For example whether a computer needs to have in-memory addressing commands is a matter of architectural design.

Whether the addressing instruction will be implemented directly or through the cache step is an organizational review

Differences in Computer Architecture and Organization

Computer architecture tends to relate to computer system components associated with the program and has a direct impact on the logical commands of a program. Architecture can also be defined and categorized as the science that studies the interconnection and hardware components of being able to envision a computer that meets functional and performance needs.

Meanwhile computer organizations study the parts related to computer operational units and the relationships between computer system components and interconnections that realize architectural explanations.

The main differences are as follows:

• Computer organization: a part that is closely related to operational components. Examples: hardware technology, interface devices, memory technology, memory systems, and control signals.
• Computer architecture: completeness of computer systems associated with programming activities. Examples: Set of instructions, arithmetic used, addressing techniques, I/O mechanisms.

Computer architecture refers to the attributes of a visible system or, in other words, attributes that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program. Computer architecture refers to the operational and interconnecting units of those who are aware of the specifics of the architecture. Examples of architectural attributes include instruction sets, the number of bits used to represent various types of data (for example, numbers, characters), I/O mechanisms, techniques for addressing memory. Organizational attributes include transparent hardware details for the programmer, such as control signals, interfaces between computers and peripherals, and memory technology used.

For example, it is an architectural design issue whether the computer will have multiple instructions. It is an orgnizational issue whether the instruction is to be executed by a special multiply unit or by a mechanism that uses repeated unit add systems. Organizational decisions can be based on the anticipated frequency of use of multiple instructions, the relative speed of the two approaches, and the cost and physical size of special multiply units.

In a class of computers called microcomputers, the relationship between architecture and organization is very close. Technological changes have not only affected organizations, but also resulted in the introduction of stronger and more complex architectures. In general, there is less than a generation-to-generation requirementnfor fit for smaller machines. Thus, there is more interaction between organizational and architectural design decisions.

Structure and Functions

A computer is a complex system; Contemporary computers contain millions of basic electronic components. The key is to recognize the hierarchical nature of the most complex systems, including computers. A hierarchical system is a set of interrelated subsystems, each of which is last, in turn, a hierarchy in structure until we have reached some of the lowest levels of the SD subsystem.

The hierarchical nature of complex systems is essential for both their design and description. The designer only needs to deal with a certain level of the system at a time. At each level, the system consists of a set of components and their mutual relationships. The behavior at each level depends only on the simplified, abstracted characterization of the system at the next lower level. At each level, designers are concerned with the structure and functions:

• Structure: the way in which the components are interrelated
• Functions: the operation of individual components as part of the structure

In terms of description, we have two options: start at the bottom and build for a full description, or start with a top view and decompose the system to its subparts. Evidence from a number of areas suggests that the topdown approach is clear and most effective.

The approach taken in this book follows from this point of view. The computer system will be described from top to bottom. We start with the main components of a computer, describe their structure and functon, and proceed to successive layers of the bottom of the hierarchy. The rest of this section gives a very brief overview of this plan of attack.

Function

Both the structure and function of a Computerr are, in essence, simple. In general, there are only four:

• Data processing
• Data storage
• Data movement
• Control

Structure

The computer interacts in somer fashion with its external environment. In general, all relationships to the external environment can be classified as peripheral devices or communication lines. We will have something to say about both types of relationships.

There are four main structural components:

• Central processing unit (CPU): Controls computer operations and performs data processing functions; often referred to simply as a processor
• Main memory: Store Data
• I/O: Data moves between the computer and the external environment
• Interconnect system: Some mechanisms provide for communication between CPU, main memory, and I/O

There may be one or more of each of those components. Traditionally, there has been only one CPU. In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of several processors in one computer. Several issues related to dual processor design came up and were discussed as a result of the text; Part Five focuses on the computer.

Each of the components will be examined in detail in Part Two. However, for our purposes, the most interesting and in some ways the most complex component is the CPU. Its main structural components are as follows:

• Control Unit: controls CPU operation
• Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Performs the functions of computer data processing
• Register: provides internal storage to the CPU
• CPU interconnection: several mechanisms that provide for communication between the control unit, ALU, and registers